Components of Translation mRNA:
– Eukaryotes: made in the nucleus, transported to the cytoplasm.
– Prokaryotes: transcription and translation occur concurrently in cytoplasm.
tRNA:
• Adaptor molecules that mediate the transfer of information from nucleic acids to protein. Transfer amino acids to ribosome+mRNA complex
Ribosomes:
• manufacturing units (protein synthesis) of a cell; located in the cytoplasm.
• Contain ribosomal RNA and proteins. Enzymes: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, Peptidyl Transferase
• required for the attachment of amino acids to the correct tRNA molecule, and for peptide bond formation between amino acids.
Proteins:
• soluble factors necessary for proper initiation, elongation, and termination of translation. (support molecules for protein synthesis).
tRNA
• small single stranded RNA molecules of 70-95 nucleotides in length
• In addition to A, G, C and U, tRNAs have MODIFIED BASES produced by chemical alteration of the 4 primary nucleotides.
• Each tRNA molecule is a clover leaf structure..
• At the base of the L-shape, three nucleotides form the anti-codon.
• The sequence of the anti-codon dictates the amino acid that binds to it. – The anti-codon (on tRNA) sequence is complementary to the codon (on mRNA) of amino acid. – For example:
• GCA is a codon for alanine: the anticodon then is CGU, but in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
• The amino acid is carried at the 3’ hydroxyl end of the tRNA molecule.
tRNA Loops Each Have A Separate Function tRNA Döngülerinin Her Biri Ayrı Bir İşleve Sahiptir
every tRNA so far examined has the sequence ACC on the 3′ end to which the amino acid is attached.
the T loop is involved in recognition by the ribosomes,
the D loop is associated with recognition by the aminoacyl tRNA synthetases,
4- the anticodon loop base pairs with the codon in mRNA. The anticodon loop in all tRNA is bounded by uracil on the 5′ side and a modified purine on the 3′ side.
• Peptidyl Transferase: catalyzes the sequential transfer of amino acids to the growing chain. Forms the peptide bonds between amino acids• Peptidil Transferaz: Amino asitlerin büyüyen zincire sıralı transferini katalize eder. Amino asitler arasındaki peptit bağlarını oluşturur
Ribosomes: Functions Ribozomlar: İşlevler
•They are the sites of polypeptide synthesis
•They recognize features that signal the start of translation (Shine Delgarno sequence (in prokaryotes), kozak (in eukaryotes) sequence and proteins) •Çevirinin başlangıcını işaret eden özellikleri tanırlar (Shine Delgarno dizisi (prokaryotlarda), kozak (ökaryotlarda) dizisi ve proteinler)
•They ensure the accurate interpretation of the genetic code by stabilizing the interaction between tRNA and the mRNA. •tRNA ile mRNA arasındaki etkileşimi stabilize ederek genetik kodun doğru yorumlanmasını sağlarlar.
•They supply the enzymatic activity that covalently links the amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
•They facilitate the linear reading of the genetic code by sliding along the mRNA molecule. •mRNA molekülü boyunca kayarak genetik kodun doğrusal okunmasını kolaylaştırırlar.
Ribosomes: Components Ribozomlar: Bileşenler
•two subunits: large and small. – Prokaryotes: 50S + 30S = 70S – eukaryotes: 60S + 40S = 80S.
• Prokaryotes: overall smaller – large subunit contains two rRNAs and ~31 different proteins. – small subunit contains one rRNAs and 21 different proteins.
• Eukaryotes: overall bigger – large subunit contains three rRNAs and 49 proteins. – small subunit consists of one rRNAs and 33 different proteins.
Ribosomes: Synthesis And Role in Translation Ribozomlar: Sentez ve Çevirideki Rolü
• The small subunit is the one that initially binds to the mRNA.
• The larger subunit provides the enzyme activity::
• Peptidyl transferase, catalyzes formation of peptide bonds joining amino acids
• The assembled structure of the ribosome creates three pockets for the binding of two molecules of tRNA.
Mechanism Of Translation Five Steps of Translation: Çeviri Mekanizması Çevirinin Beş Adımı:
– Activation of Amino Acids– Amino Asitlerin Aktivasyonu
– Initiation: sets the stage for polypeptide synthesis. – Başlatma: polipeptit sentezi için aşamayı ayarlar.
– Elongation: causes the sequential addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain in a colinear fashion as determined by the sequence of mRNA. – Uzama: mRNA dizisi tarafından belirlendiği şekilde amino asitlerin polipeptit zincirine eşdoğrusal bir şekilde sıralı olarak eklenmesine neden olur.
– Termination: Brings the polypeptide synthesis to a halt. – Sonlandırma: Polipeptit sentezini durma noktasına getirir.
– Folding and posttranslational processing – Katlama ve çeviri sonrası işlemler
Posttranslational Modification Çeviri Sonrası Değişiklik
• Posttranslational modification (PTM) is the chemical modification of a protein after its tranlation. • Translasyon sonrası modifikasyon (PTM), bir proteinin translasyonundan sonra kimyasal modifikasyonudur.
• PTM is key mechanisms to increase proteomic diversity and regulate cellular activity. • PTM, proteomik çeşitliliği artıran ve hücresel aktiviteyi düzenleyen temel mekanizmalardır.
• PTMs include modifications of peptide bonds, aminoacids, subunit aggregation and protein folding. Why PTM is necassary: • PTM'ler peptit bağlarının, amino asitlerin, alt birim toplanmasının ve protein katlanmasının modifikasyonlarını içerir. PTM neden gereklidir:
• Stability of protein • Proteinin stabilitesi
• Biochemical activity (activity regulation) • Biyokimyasal aktivite (aktivite düzenlemesi)
• Protein targeting (protein localization) • Protein hedefleme (protein lokalizasyonu)
• Protein signalling (protein-protein interactions) • Protein sinyali (protein-protein etkileşimleri)