History of Molecular Biology
1866 Gregor Mendel publishes his paper on inheritance of traits in peas. 1866 Gregor Mendel bezelyelerde özelliklerin kalıtımı üzerine makalesini yayınladı.
The basic principles of genetics; the law of segregation the law of independent assortment the concept of dominant and recessive traits is attributed to Gregor Mendel Genetiğin temel prensipleri; ayrılık kanunu, bağımsız çeşitlilik yasası, baskın ve resesif özellikler kavramı şunlara atfedilir: Gregor Mendel
1900 Hugo DeVries, Karl Correns, and Erich Von Tschermak independently rediscover and verify Mendel’s Laws 1900 Hugo DeVries, Karl Correns ve Erich Von Tschermak bağımsız olarak Mendel Yasalarını yeniden keşfetti ve doğruladı.
1928 Frederick Griffith demonstrates a heritable “transforming principle” that transmits the ability of bacteria to cause pneumonia in mice. 1928 Frederick Griffith kalıtsal bir bakterilerin farelerde zatürreye neden olma yeteneğini aktaran "dönüştürücü ilkeyi" gösterdi.
1941 George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum formulate the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
1944 Owald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrate that Griffith’s bacterial transforming principle is not protein but DNA and suggest that it may function as the genetic material.
1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use bacteriophage (viruses) to confirm that DNA is the hereditary material.
1953 Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin use X-ray crystallography to reveal the repeating structure of B-form DNA (using DNA purified by Signer)
Double helix structure of DNA is first described by Watson and Crick 1953
Cohen and Boyer, and their team, developed genetic engineering 1973
The first human protein (somatostatin) is produced in a bacterium (E. coli) 1977
The first recombinant protein (human insulin) approved for the market 1982
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique developed 1983
Launch of the Human Genome Project 1990
The first genome sequence of an organism (Haemophilus influenzae) is determined 1995
A first draft of the human genome sequence is completed 2000
Tens of millions of gene sequences are deposited in GenBank, and genome sequences of hundreds of prokaryotes and dozens of eukaryotes are finished or in draft stage 2005
One Gene–One Enzyme Hypothesis
•Normally, Neurospora (mold-single cell microfungus) can be grown on a defined minimal medium. •Normalde Neurospora (küf-tek hücreli mikrofungus) tanımlanmış bir minimum ortamda büyütüldü.
• But mutants are not. They are grown in supplemented medium. • Ama mutantlar öyle değil. Takviyeli ortamda yetiştirilirler.
• Minimal medium is consisting of sugar, some inorganic acids and salts, a nitrogen source, and niacin (vitamin B3). • Minimal ortam şeker ve bazı inorganik asitlerden oluşur ve tuzlar, bir nitrojen kaynağı ve niasin (B3 vitamini).
• Supplemented medium= minimal medium + Vit., AA, Purine and pyrmidine base • Desteklenen ortam= minimum ortam + Vit., AA, Purin ve piridin bazı
• Beadle and Tatum induced mutations in the mold by means of X-irradiation and isolated mutants that required specific supplementary compounds to grow (auxotrophs). • Beadle ve Tatum, X ışınlaması yoluyla küfte mutasyonlara neden oldu ve spesifik gereklilik gerektiren izole edilmiş mutantlar Büyümek için tamamlayıcı bileşikler (oksotroflar).
•In each case, a metabolic step leading to the synthesis of a specific compound had been blocked. • Her durumda, belirli bir bileşiğin sentezine yol açan metabolik bir adım bloke edilmiştir.
• There was a one-to-one correspondence between a genetic mutation and the lack of a specific enzyme required in a biochemical pathway. • Genetik arasında bire bir yazışma vardı mutasyon ve biyokimyasal yolda gerekli olan spesifik bir enzimin eksikliği.
• The first pathway elucidated by Beadle and Tatum was the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan via kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid to niacin. • Beadle ve Tatum tarafından aydınlatılan ilk yol şuydu: amino asit triptofanın kinurenin ve 3-hidroksiantranilik asit yoluyla niasine dönüştürülmesi.
• From their results, they formulated the “one gene–one enzyme hypothesis.” • Elde ettikleri sonuçlara göre “bir gen – bir enzim hipotezi”ni formüle ettiler.
•Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis was later revised to the “one gene–one polypeptide hypothesis.” • Beadle ve Tatum'un hipotezi daha sonra "bir gen-bir polipeptit hipotezi" olarak revize edildi.